Revised by order of the Convention of the People, assembled at Montgomery
on the Seventh Day of January, A. D., 1861.
We the People of the State of Alabama, having separated ourselves from the
Government known as the United States of America, and being now by our representatives
in Convention assembled, and acting in our sovereign and independent character;
in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity - invoking the favor
and guidance of Almighty God - do ordain and establish the following Constitution
and form of Government for the State of Alabama: And the boundaries of this
State are established to be: Beginning where the thirty-first degree of
North latitude crosses the Perdido river; thence East, to the boundary line
of the State of Georgia; thence along said line to the Southern boundary
of the State of Tennessee; thence West, along the Southern boundary line
of the State of Tennessee, crossing the Tennessee river, and on to the intersection
of said river by said line; thence up said river to the mouth of Big Bear
creek; thence by a direct line to the North-west corner of Washington county
in this State, as originally formed; thence Southerly along the line of
Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico; thence Eastwardly, including all Islands
within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river; and thence up the
same to the beginning.
That the general, great and essential principles of liberty and free
government may be recognized and established, we declare:
Section 1. That all freemen, when they form a social compact,
are equal in rights; and that no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive,
separate public emoluments or privileges, but in consideration of public
services.
Section 2. All political power is inherent in the people,
and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted
for their benefit; and, therefore, they have at all times an inalienable
and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government,
in such manner as they may think expedient.
Section 3. No person within this State shall, upon any
pretence be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshiping God in the
manner most agreeable to his own conscience; nor be compelled to attend
any place of worship; nor shall any one ever be obliged to pay any tithes,
taxes or other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship,
or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry.
Section 4. No human authority ought, in any case whatever,
to control or interfere with the rights of conscience.
Section 5. No person shall be hurt, molested or restrained
in his religious profession, sentiments or persuasions, provided he does
not disturb others in their religious worship.
Section 6. The civil rights, privileges, or capacities
of any citizen, shall in no way be diminished or enlarged, on account of
his religious principles.
Section 7. There shall be no establishment of religion
by law; no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious sect,
society, denomination, or mode of worship; and no religious test shall ever
be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this
State.
Section 8. Every citizen may freely speak, write and publish
his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that
liberty.
Section 9. The people shall be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and possessions from unreasonable seizures or searches;
and no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall
issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation.
Section 10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused has
a right to be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause
of the accusation, and have a copy thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;
and, in all prosecutions, by indictment or information, a speedy public
trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense
shall have been committed: he shall not be compelled to give evidence against
himself, nor shall he be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but
by due course of law.
Section 11. No person shall be accused, arrested, or detained,
except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the forms which the
same has prescribed; and no person shall be punished, but in virtue of a
law, established and promulgated prior to the offense, and legally applied.
Section 12. No person shall, for any indictable offense,
be proceeded against criminally by information; except in cases arising
in the land and naval forces, or the militia when in actual service, or
by leave of the court, for oppression or misdemeanor in office.
Section 13. No person shall, for the same offense, be twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall any person's property be taken
or applied to public use, unless just compensation be made therefor.
Section 14. All courts shall be open, and every person,
for an injury done him, in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall
have remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered without
sale, denial or delay.
Section 15. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised,
except by the general assembly, or its authority.
Section 16. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.
Section 17. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable
by sufficient securities, except for capital offenses, when the proof is
evident, or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of "habeas
corpus" shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion,
or invasion, the public safety may require it.
Section 18. The person of a debtor, where there is not
strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in prison, after delivering
up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall
be prescribed by law.
Section 19. No ex post facto law, nor law
impairing the obligations of contracts shall be made.
Section 20. No person shall be attainted of treason or
felony by the general assembly. No attainder shall work corruption of blood,
nor forfeiture of estate.
Section 21. The estates of suicides shall descend or vest
as in cases of natural death; if any person shall be killed by casualty,
there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof.
Section 22. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner,
to assemble together for their common good, and to apply to those invested
with the powers of government for redress of grievances, or other proper
purposes, by petition, address, or remonstrance.
Section 23. Every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense
of himself and the State.
Section 24. No standing army shall be kept up without the
consent of the general assembly; and, in that case, no appropriation of
money for its support shall be for a longer term than one year; and the
military shall, in all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination
to the civil power.
Section 25. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but
in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Section 26. No title of nobility, or hereditary distinction,
privilege, honor, or emolument, shall ever be granted or conferred in this
State; nor shall any office be created, the appointment of which shall be
for a longer term than during good behavior.
Section 27. Emigration from this State shall not be prohibited,
nor shall any citizen be exiled.
Section 28. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.
Section 29. No person shall be debarred from prosecuting
or defending any civil cause, for or against him or herself, before any
tribunal in this State, by him or herself, or counsel.
Section 30. This enumeration of certain rights shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people: and to
guard against any encroachments on the rights herein retained, or any transgression
of any of the high powers herein delegated, we declare, that every thing
in this article is excepted out of the general powers of government, and
shall forever remain inviolate; and that all laws contrary thereto, or to
the following provisions, shall be void.
Section 1. The powers of the government of the State of
Alabama shall be divided into three distinct departments; and each of them
confided to a separate body of magistracy, to-wit: those which are legislative
to one; those which are executive, to another; and those which are judicial
to another.
Section 2. No person, or collection of persons, being of
one of those departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to
either of the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly directed
or permitted.
Section 1. The legislative power of this State shall
be vested in two distinct branches; the one to be styled the Senate, the
other the House of Representatives, and both together "The General
Assembly of the State of Alabama"; and the style of their laws shall
be, "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
State of Alabama in General Assembly convened."
Section 2. The members of the House of Representatives
shall be chosen by the qualified electors, and shall serve for the term
of two years from the day of the commencement of the general election, and
no longer.
Section 3. The representatives shall be chosen every two
years, on the first Monday in August, until otherwise directed by law.
Section 4. No person shall be a representative, unless
he be a white man, a citizen of the State of Alabama, and shall have been
an inhabitant of this State two years next preceding his election, and the
last year thereof, a resident of the county, city, or town, for which he
shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-one years.
Section 5. Every male white person of the age of twenty-one
years, or upwards, who shall be a citizen of this State, and shall have
resided therein one year next preceding an election, and the last three
months within a county, city, or town, in which he offers to vote, shall
be deemed a qualified elector, but no elector shall be entitled to vote
except in the county, city, or town, (entitled to separate representation)
in which he may reside at the time of the election.
Section 6. Electors shall, in all cases, except in those
of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during
their attendance at elections, and in going to and returning from the same.
Section 7. In all elections by the people, the electors
shall vote by ballot, until the general assembly shall otherwise direct.
Section 8. Elections for representatives for the several
counties shall be held at the place of holding their respective courts,
and at such other places as may be prescribed by law: Provided,
That when it shall appear to the general assembly, that any city or town
shall have a number of white inhabitants equal to the ratio then fixed,
such city or town shall have a separate representation, according to the
number of white inhabitants therein; which shall be retained so long as
such city or town shall contain a number of white inhabitants, equal to
the ratio which may from time to time be fixed by law; and thereafter, and
during the existence of the right of separate representation, in such city
or town, elections for the county in which such city or town (entitled to
such separate representation) is situated, shall not be held in such city
or town: but it is understood, and hereby declared, that no city or town
shall be entitled to separate representation , unless the number of white
inhabitants in the county in which such city or town is situated, residing
out of the limits of such city or town, be equal to the existing ratio or
unless the residuum or fraction of such city or town shall, when added to
the white inhabitants of the county, residing out of the limits of said
city or town, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for one representative;
and, provided, that, if the residuum or fraction of any city
or town, entitled to separate representation, shall, when added to the residuum
of the county in which it may lie, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for
one representative, then the aforesaid county, city or town, having the
largest residuum, shall be entitled to such representation: and, provided,
also, that where there are two or more counties adjoining, which
have residuums or fractions over and above the ratio then fixed by law,
if said residuums or fractions, when added together, will amount to such
ratio, in that case one representative shall be added to that county having
the largest residuum.
Section 9. The General Assembly shall cause an enumeration
to made in the year eighteen hundred and fifty, and eighteen hundred and
fifty-five, and every ten years thereafter, of all the white inhabitants
of this State; and the whole number of representatives shall, at the first
regular session after such enumeration, be apportioned among the several
counties, cities, or towns, entitled to separate representation, according
to their respective number of white inhabitants, and the said apportionment,
when made, shall not be subject to alteration until after the next census
shall be taken.
Section 10. The general assembly shall, at the first session
after making every such enumeration, fix by law the whole number of senators,
and shall divide the State into the same number of districts, as nearly
equal in the number of white inhabitants as may be, each of which districts
shall be entitled to one senator, and no more: Provided , that
the whole number of senators shall never be less than one-fourth, nor never
more than one-third, of the whole number of representatives.
Section 11. When a senatorial district shall be composed
of two or more counties, the counties of which such district consists, shall
not be entirely separated by any county belonging to another district; and
no county shall be divided in forming a district.
Section 12. Senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors,
for the term of four years, at the same time, and in the same manner, and
at the places where they may vote for members of the House of Representatives;
and no person shall be a senator, unless he be a white man, a citizen of
the State, and an inhabitant thereof two years next preceding his election,
and the last year thereof, a resident of the district for which he shall
be chosen; and shall have attained to the age of twenty-seven years.
Section 13. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four
years; yet, at the general election after every new apportionment, elections
shall be held anew in every senatorial district; and the senators elected,
when convened at the first session, shall be divided by lot into two classes,
as nearly equal as may be: the seats of those of the first class shall be
vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second class at
the expiration of four years, dating in both cases from the day of election,
so that one half may be biennially chosen, except as above provided.
Section 14. The House of Representatives, when assembled,
shall choose a speaker, and its other officers; and the Senate shall choose
a President and its other officers, biennially: each house shall judge of
the qualifications, elections and returns of its own members; but a contested
election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law.
Section 15. A majority of each house constitute a quorum
to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may
compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties,
as each house may provide.
Section 16. Each house may determine the rules of its own
proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and, with the consent
of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same cause;
and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature
of a free and independent State.
Section 17. Each house, during the session, may punish
by imprisonment, any person, not a member, for disrepectful or disorderly
behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings: Provided
, that such imprisonment shall not at any one time, exceed forty-eight hours.
Section 18. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
and cause the same to be published immediately after its adjournment, excepting
such parts as, in its judgment, may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays
of the members of either house, on any question, shall at the desire of
one tenth of the members, be entered on the journals. Any member of either
house shall have liberty to dissent from, or protest against, any act or
resolution, which he may think injurious to the public or an individual,
and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journals.
Section 19. Senators and Representatives shall, in all
cases, except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from
arrest, during the session of the General Assembly, and in going to and
returning from the same; allowing one day for every twenty miles such member
may reside from the place at which the General Assembly is convened; nor
shall any member be liable to answer for any thing spoken in debate in either
house, in any court or place elsewhere.
Section 20. When vacancies happen in either house, the
Governor, or the person exercising the powers of the Governor, shall issue
writs of election to fill vacancies.
Section 21. The doors of each house shall be open, except
on such occasions, as in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy.
Section 22. Neither house shall, without the consent of
the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than
that in which they may be sitting.
Section 23. Bills may originate in either house, and be
amended, altered, or rejected, by the other; but no bill shall have the
force of a law, until on three several days it be read in each house; and
free discussion be allowed thereon; unless, in case of urgency, four-fifths
of the house, in which the bill shall be depending, may deem it expedient
to dispense with this rule: and every bill, having passed both houses, shall
be signed by the Speaker and President of their respective houses: Provided
, that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives,
but the Senate may amend or reject them as other bills.
Section 24. Each member of the General Assembly shall receive
from the public treasury, such compensation for his services, as may be
fixed by law; but no increase of compensation shall take effect during the
session at which such increase shall have been made.
Section 25. No Senator or Representative shall during the
term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office
of profit under this State; except such offices as may be filled by elections
by the people.
Section 26. No person holding any lucrative office under
this State, or any other power, the office of Postmaster, offices in the
militia to which there is attached no annual salary, justices of the peace,
commissioners of the Court of County Commissioners, notary public, and commissioner
of deeds excepted, shall be eligible to the General Assembly of this State.
Section 27. No person who may hereafter be a collector
or holder of public moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the General
Assembly, or be eligible to any office of trust or profit under this State,
until he shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all sums
for which he may be accountable.
Section 28. The General Assembly shall meet annually, on
such day as may be provided by law, and may continue in session not more
than thirty days. The next session of the General Assembly shall commence
on the second Monday in November, eighteen hundred and sixty-one.
Section 29. No special law shall be enacted for the benefit
of individuals or private corporations, in cases which are provided for
by a general law, or where the relief sought, can be given by any court
of this State.
Section 30. Private property shall not be taken for private
use, or for the use of corporations, other than municipal, without the consent
of the owner; but the right of way may be secured by law, to persons and
corporations, over the lands of persons and corporations; also, the right
to establish depots, stations and turn-outs to works of public improvement:
Provided , just compensation is made to the owner of such land.
Section 31. No power to levy taxes shall be delegated to
individuals or private corporations.
Section 32. Taxes shall not be levied for the benefit of
individuals or corporations, other than municipal corporations, without
the consent of the tax-payer; but this section shall not be so construed
as to effect the power of the General Assembly to perfect or secure any
right or privilege arising under any existing law of this State; and no
right or privilege arising under any existing law of this State, shall be
affected by this section.
Section 33. The General Assembly shall not borrow or raise
money on the credit of the State, except for purposes of military defense
against actual or threatened invasion, rebellion, or insurrection, unless
two-thirds of the members elected to each house, shall concur; nor shall
the debts or liabilities of any corporation, person or persons, or other
State be guaranteed; or any money, credit or thing loaned, or given away,
unless by a like concurrence of each house, voting, in cases provided for
in this section, by ayes and nays to be placed
upon the journals.
Section 1. The supreme executive power of this State
shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor
of the State of Alabama.
Section 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified
electors, at the time and places when they shall respectively vote for Representatives.
Section 3. The returns of every election for Governor,
shall be sealed up, and transmitted to the seat of government, directed
to the speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall, during the first
week of the session, open and publish them in presence of both houses of
the General Assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall
be Governor, but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one
of them shall be chosen Governor by the joint vote of both houses. Contested
elections for Governor shall be determined by both houses of the General
Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Section 4. The Governor shall hold his office for the term
of two years, from the time of his installation, and until his successor
shall be qualified; but shall not be eligible for more than four years in
any term of six years; he shall be at least thirty years of age, shall be
a citizen of the State of Alabama, and native of one of the States of the
Territories, lately styled the United States of America.
Section 5. He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation
for his services, which shall not be increased or diminished during the
term for which he shall have been elected.
Section 6. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and
navy of this State, except when acting with any other power, in which case,
the General Assembly shall fix his rank.
Section 7. He may require information in writing from the
officers of the executive department, on any subject relating to the duties
of their respective offices.
Section 8. He may, by proclamation, on extraordinary occasions,
convene the General Assembly at the seat of government, or at a different
place, if that shall have become, since their last adjournment, dangerous
from an enemy , or from contagious disorders; in case of disagreement between
the two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adhourn
them to such time as he shall think proper, not beyond the day of the next
annual meeting of the General Assembly.
Section 9. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly,
information of the state of the government, and recommend to their consideration
such measures as he may deem expedient.
Section 10. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed.
Section 11. In all criminal and penal cases, except in
those of treason and impeachment, he shall have power to grant reprieves
and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, under such rules and regulations
as shall be prescribed by law. In cases of treason, he shall have power,
by, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to grant reprieves and
pardons; and he may in the recess of the Senate, respite the sentence until
the end of the next session of the General Assembly.
Section 12. There shall be a Seal of this State, which
shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially.
Section 13. All commissions shall be in the name, and by
the authority of the State of Alabama, be sealed with the State Seal, signed
by the Governor, and attested by the Secretary of State.
Section 14. There shall be a Secretary of State, appointed
by a joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly, who shall continue
in office during the term of two years. He shall keep a fair register of
all official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and shall, when required,
lay the same, and all papers, minutes and vouchers relative thereto, before
the General Assembly; and shall perform such other duties as may be required
of him by law.
Section 15. Vacancies that may happen in offices, the appointment
of which is vested in the General Assembly, shall be filled by the Governor,
during the recess of the General Assembly, by granting commissions, which
shall expire at the end of the next session.
Section 16. Every bill which shall have passed both houses
of the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Governor; if he approve,
he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to
the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections
at large upon the journals, and proceed to reconsider it; if after such
reconsideration, a majority of the whole number elected to that house shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; if approved by a majority
of the whole number elected to that house, it shall become a law: but in
such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas
and nays , and the names of the members voting for or against
the bill shall be entered on the journals of each house respectively: if
any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days, Sundays
excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a
law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly,
by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be
a law.
Section 17. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which
the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on questions of
adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and, before it shall take
effect, be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by both
houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of
a bill.
Section 18. In case of the impeachment of the Governor,
his removal from office, death, refusal to qualify, resignation, or absence
from the State, the President of the Senate shall exercise all the power
and authority appertaining to the office of Governor, until the time, pointed
out by this Constitution for the election of Governor, shall arrive, unless
the General Assembly shall provide by law for the election of a Governor
to fill such vacancy, or until the Governor absent or impeached, shall return
or be acquitted.
Section 19. If, during the vacancy of the office of Governor,
the President of the Senate shall be impeached, removed from office, refuse
to qualify, resign, die, or be absent from the State, the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, shall, in like manner, administer the government.
If there is no President of the Senate, or no Speaker of the House of Representatives,
the Secretary of State shall exercise all the duties and powers appertaining
to the office of Governor, until the office of Governor is filled, as provided
by this Constitution.
Section 20. The President of the Senate and Speaker of
the House of Representatives, and the Secretary of State, during the times
they respectively administer the government, shall receive the same compensation
which the Governor would have received, had he been employed in the duties
of his office.
Section 21. The Governor shall always reside during the
session of the General Assembly, at the place where their session may be
held, and at all other times, wherever, in their opinion, public good may
require.
Section 22. No person shall hold the office of Governor,
and any other office or commission, civil or military, either in this State,
or under any State, or any other power, at one and the same time.
Section 23. A State Treasurer and a Comptroller of public
accounts, shall be biennially elected by joint vote of both houses of the
General Assembly.
Section 24. A sheriff shall be elected in each county by
the qualified electors thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of
three years, unless sooner removed, and who shall not be eligible to serve
either as principal or deputy, for the three succeeding years. Should a
vacancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Governor,
as in other cases, and the person so appointed shall continue in office
until the next general election, when such vacancy shall be filled by the
qualified electors, and the sheriff then elected shall continue in office
for three years.
Section 1. The General Assembly shall provide by law
for organizing and disciplining the militia of this State.
Section 2. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear
arms shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal
service.
Section 3. The Governor shall have power to call forth
the militia to execute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections,
and repel invasions.
Section 4. All officers of the militia shall be elected
or appointed in such manner as may be prescribed by law: Provided
, that the General Assembly shall not make any such elections or appointments,
other than those of adjutants-general, and quarter-masters general.
Section 5. The Governor shall appoint his aids-de-camp;
majors general, their aids-de-camp, and all division and staff officers;
brigadiers general shall appoint their aids, and all other brigade staff
officers; and colonels shall appoint their regimental staff officers.
Section 6. The General Assembly shall fix, by law, the
method of dividing the militia into divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions,
and companies; and shall fix the rank of all staff officers.
Section 1. The judicial power of this State shall be
vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit Courts to be held in each county in
the State, and such inferior courts of law and equity, to consist of not
more than five members, as the General Assembly may, from time to time,
direct, ordain and establish.
Section 2. The Supreme Court, except in cases otherwise
directed by this Constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which
shall be co-extensive with the State, under such restrictions and regulations,
not repugnant to this Constitution, as may from time to time, be prescribed
by law: Provided , that the Supreme Court shall have power
to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus
, and such other remedial and original writs as may be necessary to give
it a general superintendence and control of inferior jurisdiction.
Section 3. The Supreme Court shall be holden at the seat
of government, but may adjourn to a different place, if that shall have
become dangerous from an enemy or from disease.
Section 4. The State shall be divided into convenient circuits,
and each circuit shall contain not less than three, nor more than six counties;
and for each circuit there shall be appointed a Judge, who shall, after
his appointment, reside in the circuit for which he may be appointed.
Section 5. The Circuit Court shall have original jurisdiction
in all matters, civil and criminal, within this State, not otherwise excepted
in this Constitution; but in civil cases, only where the matter or sum in
controversy exceeds fifty dollars.
Section 6. A Circuit Court shall be held in each county
in the State, at least twice in every year, and the judges of the several
Circuit Courts may hold courts for each other, when they may deem it expedient,
and shall do so when directed by law.
Section 7. The General Assembly shall have power to establish
a Court or Courts of Chancery, with original and appellate jurisdiction;
Provided, that the judges of the several circuit courts shall
have power to issue writs of injunction, returnable into the Courts of Chancery.
Section 8. The General Assembly shall have power to establish,
in each county within this State, a Court of Probate, for the granting of
letters testamentary, and of administration, and for orphans' business.
Section 9. A competent number of Justices of the Peace
shall be appointed in and for each county, in such mode and for such term
of office as the General Assembly may direct. Their jurisdiction in civil
cases shall be limited to causes in which the amount in controversy shall
not exceed fifty dollars; and in all cases tried by a Justice of the Peace,
right of appeal shall be secured, under such rules and regulations as may
be prescribed by law.
Section 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, and
Courts of Chancery, shall, at stated times, receive for their services a
compensation, which shall be fixed by law, and shall not be diminished during
their continuance in office; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites
of office, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under this State,
or any other power.
Section 11. Chancellors and Judges of the Supreme Court
shall be elected by joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly; but
at and after the session of the General Assembly, to be held in the winter
of the year eighteen hundred and forty-nine-fifty, the General Assembly
shall provide by law for the election of judges of the circuit Courts, by
the qualified electors of their circuits respectively, and for the election
of Judges of the Courts of Probate, and other inferior courts, (not including
Chancellors) by the qualified electors of the counties, cities, or districts,
for which such courts may be respectively established; the first Monday
in November in any year shall be the day for any election of such judges
by the people, or such other day not to be within a less period than two
months of the general election for Governor, members of the General Assembly,
or members of Congress, as the General Assembly may by law prescribe; but
no change to be made in any circuit, or district, or in the mode or time
of electing, shall affect the right of any Judge to hold office during the
term prescribed by the Constitution, except at the first election thereof,
to be made by the people, after the ratification of these amendments or
either of them, which elections shall then, all be had on the same day throughout
the State, and the terms of the Judges then to be elected, shall commence
on that day; vacancies in the office of Judge, shall be filled by the Governor,
and the persons appointed thereto by him, shall hold until the next first
Monday in November, or other election day of Judges, and until the election
and qualification of their successors respectively; and the General Assembly
have power to annex to the offices of any of the Judges of the inferior
courts the duties of clerks of such courts respectively.
Section 12. The Judges of the several courts of this State,
shall hold their offices for the term of six years; and for wilful neglect
of duty, or other reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground
for impeachment, the Governor shall remove any of them on the address of
two-thirds of each house of the General Assembly; Provided
, however, that the cause or causes for which such removal shall be required,
shall be stated at length in such address, and entered on the journals of
each house; And provided, further, That the cause or causes
shall be notified to the Judge so intended to be removed, and he shall be
admitted to a hearing in his own defense, before any vote for such address
shall pass; and in all such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas
and nays , and entered on the journal of each house,
respectively; And provided, also, That the Judges now in office
may hold their offices until the session of the General Assembly, which
shall be held in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, and
until their successors shall be elected and qualified, unless removed by
address or impeachment.
Section 13. No person who shall have arrived at the age
of seventy years shall be appointed to, or continue in, the office of Judge
in this State.
Section 14. Clerks of the Circuit and Inferior Courts in
this State, shall be elected by the qualified electors in each county, for
the term of four years, and may be removed from office for such causes and
in such manner as may be prescribed by law; and should a vacancy occur,
subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Judge or Judges of
the court in which such vacancy exists; and the person so appointed shall
hold his office until the next general election; Provided ,
however, that after the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six,
the General Assembly may prescribe a different mode of appointment, but
shall not make such appointment.
Section 15. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall, by virtue
of their offices, be conservators of the peace throughout the State; as
also the Judges of the Circuit Courts in their respective districts, and
Judges of the inferior courts in their respective counties.
Section 16. The style of all process shall be "The
State of Alabama", and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the
name, and by the authority of the State of Alabama, and shall conclude "against
the peace and dignity of the same."
Section 17. There shall be an Attorney General from the
State, and as many solicitors as the General Assembly may deem necessary,
to be elected by a joint vote thereof, who shall hold their offices for
the term of four years, and shall receive for their services a compensation,
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Section 1. The House of Representatives shall have the
sole power of impeaching.
Section 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate;
when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or afffirmation;
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of
the members present.
Section 3. The Governor and all civil officers shall be
liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but judgment in such
cases shall not extend further than removal from office, and to disqualification
to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under the State; but the party
convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
and punishment, according to law.
Section 1. The members of the General Assembly, and
all officers, executive and judicial, before they enter on the execution
of their respective offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation,
to wit: "I do solemnly swear [or affirm, as the case may be] that I
will support the Constitution of the State of Alabama so long as I continue
a citizen thereof, and that I will faithfully discharge, to the best of
my abilities, the duties of_______________ according to law, so help me
God!"
Section 2. Treason against the State shall consist only
in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession in open court.
Section 3. The General Assembly shall have power to pass
such penal laws to suppress the evil practice of duelling, extending to
disqualification from office, or the tenure thereof, as they may deem expedient.
Section 4. Every person shall be disqualified from holding
any office or place of honor or profit, under the authority of the State,
who shall be convicted of having given or offered any bribe to procure his
election or appointment.
Section 5. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, from
suffrage, and from serving as jurors, those who shall hereafter be convicted
of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes, or misdemeanors. The
privelege of free suffrage shall be supported by laws regulating elections,
and prohibiting under adequate penalties, all undue influence thereon from
power, bribery, tumult, or improper conduct.
Section 6. In all elections by the General Assembly, the
members thereof shall vote viva voce , and the votes shall
be entered on the journals.
Section 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but
in consequence of an appropriation made by law; and a regular statement
and account of receipts and expenditures of all public moneys shall be published
annually.
Section 8. All lands liable to taxation in this State,
shall be taxed in proportion to their value.
Section 9. The General Assembly shall direct, by law, in
what manner, and in what courts, suits may be brought against the State.
Section 10. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly
to regulate, by law, the cases in which deductions shall be made from the
salaries of public officers, for neglect of duty in their official capacities,
and the amount of such deduction.
Section 11. Temporary absence from this State, shall not
cause a forfeiture of a residence once obtained.
Section 12. No member or delegate to any Congress of other
States or powers, nor persons holding any office of profit or trust under
any foreign power, shall hold or exercise any office of profit under this
State: Provided , that this section does not apply to any deputy,
delegate or commissioner elected by this convention.
Section 13. Divorces from the bonds of Matrimony shall
not be granted, but in cases provided for by law in chancery. But decrees
for divorce shall be final, unless appealed from within three months from
the date of the enrollment thereof.
Section 14. In prosecutions for the publishing of papers
investigating the official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity,
or when the matter published is proper for public information, the truth
thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libels, the
jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction
of the courts.
Section 15. Returns of all elections for officers who are
to be commissioned by the Governor, and for members of the General Assembly,
shall be made to the Secretary of State.
Section 16. The General Assembly may, by a vote of two-thirds
of both branches thereof, arrange and designate boundaries for the several
counties of this State, which shall not be altered, except by a like vote
of the General Assembly. But no new county shall be hereafter formed of
less extent than nine hundred square miles, nor shall it contain, at the
time, less than one hundredth part of the population of the State, and no
existing county shall be hereafter reduced below such area or population
by the formation of a new county.
Section 17. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly
to pass such laws as may be necessary and proper to decide differences by
arbitrators, to be appointed by the parties, who may choose that summary
mode of adjustment.
Section 18. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly,
as soon as circumstances will permit, to form a penal code, founded on principles
of reformation.
Section 19. Within five days after the adoption of this
Constitution, the body or our laws, civil and criminal, shall be revised,
digested and arranged, under proper heads, and promulgated, in such manner
as the General Assembly may direct: and a like revision, digest, and promulgation,
shall be made within every subsequent period of ten years.
Section 20. The General Assembly shall make provisions
by law for obtaining correct knowledge of the several objects proper for
improvement in relation to the navigable waters, and to the roads in this
State, and for making a systematic and economical application of the means
appropriated to those objects.
Section 21. In the event of the annexation of any foreign
territory to this State, laws may be passed, extending to the inhabitants
of such territory, all the rights and privileges which may be required by
the terms of such acquisition: anything in this constitution to the contrary
notwithstanding.
EDUCATION
Schools, and the means of education, shall forever be encouraged
in this State; and the General Assembly shall take measures to preserve,
from unnecessary waste or damage, such lands as have been granted by the
United States for the use of schools, within each township in this State,
and apply the funds, which may be raised from such lands, in strict conformity
to the object of such grant. The General Assembly shall take like measures
for the improvement of such lands as have been granted by the United States
to this State, for the support of a seminary of learning, and the moneys
which may be raised from such lands, by rent, lease, or sale, or from any
other quarter, for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for
the exclusive support of a State University, for the promotion of the arts,
literature and the sciences; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly,
as early as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent
security of the funds and endowments of such institution.
BANKING
Section 1. No bank shall be established, nor bank charter renewed
under the authority of this State, without the concurrence of two-thirds
of each house of the General Assembly.
Section 2. Not more than one bank shall be established,
nor bank charter renewed at any one session of the General Assembly, nor
shall any bank be established, or bank charter renewed, but in conformity
with the following rules.
SLAVERY
Section 1. No slave in this State shall be emancipated by any act
done to take effect in this State, or any other country.
Section 2. The humane treatment of slaves shall be secured
by law.
Section 3. Laws may be enacted to prohibit the introduction
into this State, of slaves who have committed high crimes in other States
or territories, and to regulate or prevent the introduction of slaves into
this State as merchandise.
Section 4. In the prosecution of slaves for crimes, of
a higher grade than petit larceny, the General Assembly shall have no power
to deprive them of an impartial trial by a petiti jury.
Section 5. Any person who shall maliciously dismember or
deprive a slave of life, shall suffer such punishment as would be inflicted
in case the like offense had been committed on a free white person, and
on the like proof, except in case of insurrection of such slave.
EXPLANATORY PROVISIONS
PART I.
Relating To The Change From The Territorial To The State Form Of Government
Section 1. That no inconvience may arise from a change of territorial
to a permanent State government, it is declared that all rights, actions,
prosecutions, claims, and contracts, as well of individuals, as of bodies
corporate, shall continue as if no such change had taken place; and all
process, which shall, before the third Monday in September next, be issued
in the name of the Alabama territory, shall be as valid as if issued in
the name of the State.
Section 2. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats,
accruing to the Alabama territory, shall accrue to the use of the State.
Section 3. The validity of all bonds and recognizances,
executed to the Governor of the Alabama territory, shall not be impaired
by the change of government, by may be sued for and recovered in the name
of the Governor of the State of Alabama, and his successors in office; and
all criminal and penal actions, arising or now depending within the limits
of this State, shall be prosecuted to judgment and execution in the name
of said State, all causes of action arising to individuals, and all suits
at law or in equityn now depending in the several courts, within the limits
of this State, and not already barred by law, may be commenced in, or transferred
to, such courts as may have jurisdiction thereof.
Section 4. All officers, civil or military, now holding
commissions under the authority of the United States, or of the Alabama
territory, within this State, shall continue to hold and exercise their
respective offices under the authority of this State, until they shall be
superseded under the authority of this Constitution, and shall receive from
the treasury of this State, the same compensation which they heretofore
received, in proportion to the time they shall be so employed. The Governor
shall have power to fill vacancies by commissions, to expire so soon as
elections or appointments can be made to such offices, by authority of this
Constitution.
Section 5. All laws and parts of laws, now in force in
the Alabama territory, which are not repugnant to the provisions of this
Constitution, shall continue and remain in force as the laws of this State,
until they expire by their own limitation, or shall be altered, or repealed,
by the Legislature thereof.
PART II
Relating To The Secession Of The State Of Alabama From The Government Of
The United States
CHAPTER I.
Section 1. Be it declared and ordained by the people of the
State of Alabama in Convention assembled , That the State of Alabama
now withdraws, and is hereby withdrawn from the Union known as "the
United States of America", and henceforth ceases to be one of said
United States, and is, and of right ought to be a Sovereign
and Independent State .
Section 2. Be it further declared and ordained by
the people of the State of Alabama in Convention assembled , That
all the powers over the territory of said State, and over the people thereof,
heretofore delegated to the government of the United States of America,
be, and they are hereby withdrawn from said government, and are hereby resumed
and vested in the people of the State of Alabama.
Section 3. Be it ordained by the people of Alabama
in Convention Assembled, That the Constitution framed and adopted
on the 11th day of March, 1861, by the Deputies from the States of South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas,
in convention assembled, at Montgomery, Alabama, be, and the same is hereby
Approved, Ratified and Adopted , as the
Federal Constitution for the people of Alabama.
CHAPTER II.
Section 1. No law enacted by the authority of the State of Alabama,
in force on the 11th day of January, A. D., 1861, and consistent with the
Constitution of this State, and not inconsistent with the ordinances of
this Convention, is affected by the ordinance known as the Ordinance of
Secession, adopted on said day, and entitled "An Ordinance to dissolve
the Union between the State of Alabama and other States, united under the
compact styled the Constitution of the United States."
Section 2. No office, civil or military, created by this
State, or under the authority of its laws, in force on the eleventh day
of January, A. D., 1861, and no officer lawfully exercising the powers or
duties of such office, is affected by said Ordinance of Secession, except
the offices of the members of the House of Representatives, and of the Senators
of the Congress of the United States of America, and these are abrogated.
Section 3. No offense against the laws of this State, committed
before or since the adoption of said Ordinance of Secession, is affected
by said ordinance, and no offender against said laws, is relieved or discharged
from the consequences of such offense by said ordinance; and no amercement,
fine, penalty, forfeiture, escheat, bond, or recognizance, accruing or enuring,
in whole or in part, to the State of Alabama, whether in action or in judgment,
is affected by said ordinance.
Section 4. No bond issued by authority of the laws of this
State, or bills or coin lawfully used as money in this State, and no bond,
obligation, debt or duty, due or owing to this State, or enuring, in whole
or in part, to this State, before or since the adoption of said ordinance,
is affected thereby.
Section 5. No process or proceeding of any Court of this
State, is affected by said Ordinance of Secession.
Section 6. No right, title, franchise, easement, license
or privilege given, granted or conferred to, or upon any person or body
corporate, under and by authority of the laws of this State, and no right
of possession of property, action or prosecution, title, claim, contract,
agreement, obligation, debt or duty, of any person or body corporate, is
affected by said Ordinance of Secession, unless the same is inconsistent
with said ordinance, or is affected by some other ordinance of this Convention.
Section 7. No rights acquired, or vested in any body corporate
under the Constitution of the United States, or under any act of Congress
passed in pursuance thereof, or under any law of this State, and not incompatible
with said Ordinance of Secession, is affected by said ordinance.
PART III.
Relating To The Changes In The Constitution Of Alabama
Section 1. Be it ordained by the people of the State of Alabama
in Convention assembled , That no change made in the Constitution
of the State of Alabama, by this Convention, shall have the effect to divest
any right, title, or legal trust existing at the time of making such change.
But all such changes shall have a prospective and not a retrospective effect,
unless otherwise declared in the change itself.
Section 2. Be it ordained by the people of Alabama
in Convention assembled , That, an ordinance adopted by the people
of this State, in Convention, at Huntsville, on the second day of August,
one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, disclaiming forever all right to
the waste or unappropriated lands lying within this State, is hereby repealed;
but the navigable waters of this State shall remain forever free to the
citizens of this State, and of such States as may unite with the State of
Alabama, in a Southern slaveholding Confederacy. But no right heretofore
obtained, by any person or corporation, to erect a bridge, or bridges, across
the navigable waters of this State, shall be affected by this ordinance;
Provided , That the navigation of such rivers be not obstructed
thereby.
Mode Of Amending Or Revising The
Constitution
The General Assembly, whenever two-thirds of each House
shall deem it necessary, may propose amendments to this Constitution, which
proposed amendments, shall be duly published in print, at least three months
before the next general election of Representatives, for the consideration
of the people, and it shall be the duty of the several returning officers,
at the next general election which shall be held for Representatives, to
open a poll for, and make a return to the Secretary of State, for the time
being, of the names of all those voting for Representatives, who have voted
on such proposed amendments, and if, thereupon, it shall appear that a majority
of all the citizens of this State, voting for Representatives, have voted
in favor of such proposed amendments, and two-thirds of each House of the
next General Assembly, shall, after such an election, and before another,
ratify the same amendments by yeas and nays ,
they shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as parts of this Constitution:
Provided , That the said proposed amendments shall, at each
of the said sessions, have been read three times, on three several days,
in each House; Provided further , That a Convention of the
people of the State may be called by a vote of two-thirds of each branch
of the General Assembly, under such rules and regulations as the Legislature
may prescribe, to amend the Constitution or for any other purpose.
Adopted by the people of Alabama by the unanimous vote of their delegates
in Convention assembled, at the Capitol, in the city of Montgomery, on this
the twentieth day of March, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-one, and of the Confederate States of America the first
year.
WILLIAM M. BROOKS
President of the Convention of the people of the State of Alabama
Attest - A. G. HORN
Secretary of the Convention
IMPEACHMENTS
Section 1. The House of Representatives shall have the
sole power of impeaching.
Section 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate;
when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or afffirmation;
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of
the members present.
Section 3. The Governor and all civil officers shall be
liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but judgment in such
cases shall not extend further than removal from office, and to disqualification
to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under the State; but the party
convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
and punishment, according to law.